周三，瑞典皇家科学院（The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences）宣布将2022年诺贝尔化学奖授予美国科学家卡罗琳·贝尔托齐、卡尔·巴里·沙普利斯和丹麦科学家莫滕·梅尔达尔，以表彰三人在发展点击化学和生物正交化学方面的贡献。今天ETTBL君带大家一起来了解一下诺贝尔奖相关的知识吧～
Nobel Prize in Chemistry Is Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work ‘Snapping Molecules Together’
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless on Wednesday for the development of click chemistry and bio-orthogonal chemistry — work that has “led to a revolution in how chemists think about linking molecules together,” the Nobel committee said.周三，瑞典皇家科学院宣布将今年的诺贝尔化学奖授予美国科学家卡罗琳·贝尔托齐（Carolyn R. Bertozzi）、卡尔·巴里·沙普利斯（K. Barry Sharpless）和丹麦科学家莫滕·梅尔达尔（Morten Meldal）三人，以表彰他们在点击化学和生物正交化学领域方面的贡献，他们的贡献在化学家中触发了一场思维革命——如何连接分子，诺贝尔奖委员会表示。American Professor Sharpless works in Scripps Research, Mr. Meldal is a Professor at University of Copenhagen. Dr. Bertozzi, a chemist and professor at Stanford, was able to apply this reaction to biomolecules, often found on cell surfaces, in living organisms without affecting the chemistry of the cells she was observing. Before her extensive research with glycans, or sugar chains, scientists’ understanding of this subfield of glycobiology had been hampered by an inability to see molecules in action in living cells.美国科学家沙普利斯在斯克利普斯研究所就职，梅尔达尔则是哥本哈根大学的教授。贝尔托齐博士是一位化学家，也是斯坦福大学的教授，她能够将这种反应应用于生物体内的生物大分子（常存在于细胞表面）而不影响所观察细胞的化学特性。在贝尔托齐对糖类或糖链进行广泛研究之前，科学家们无法看到分子在活细胞中的作用，因而在糖生物学这一子领域方面一直存在理解阻碍。Molecules are reacting all around us, constantly, in our drinks, on the tips of our fingers, in our phones. These reactions create new molecules, break down old ones, allow energy swaps — they shape the variegated dynamics of the universe. For scientists looking to understand these forces, combining molecules in a controlled way can be difficult, especially in a delicate environment like a living cell, because everything is so closely connected. Often the surrounding molecules are disturbed in the process, changing the very thing a researcher wants to study.分子在我们周围不断发生反应，我们的饮料、指尖和手机都可以是分子反应的场所。分子反应会不断创造新分子，分解旧分子，使能量发生转换，宇宙间的各种动力都来自于分子反应。对于想要了解这些力量的科学家来说，以可控的方式组合分子可能是一件难事，尤其是在像活细胞这样的微妙环境中，一切都紧密相连。在这个过程中，周围的分子往往会受到干扰，改变研究人员想要研究的东西。
The Nobel Prizes are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist most famously known for the invention of dynamite. He died in 1896. In his will, he bequeathed all of his "remaining realisable assets" to be used to establish five prizes which became known as "Nobel Prizes." Nobel Prizes were first awarded in 1901.阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔是瑞典著名化学家、工程师和工业家，因发明炸药而享誉世界。1896年，诺贝尔逝世，他在遗嘱中宣布捐赠出自己所有的可变现遗产，设立五个独立奖项，统称“诺贝尔奖”，分别颁发给前一年造福人类的人。诺贝尔奖首次颁发是在1901年。Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields ofPhysics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) funded the establishment of the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, to also be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields.诺贝尔奖颁发领域包括物理学、化学、生理学或医学、文学和和平。1968年，瑞典央行（Sveriges Riksbank）出资设立了纪念阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔的经济科学奖，也由诺贝尔基金会管理。诺奖是各领域中世人公认的奖项天花板。The prize ceremonies take place annually. Each recipient (known as a "laureate") receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a monetary award. In 2021, the Nobel Prize monetary award is 10,000,000 SEK. A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organizations of more than three people. Although Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize is presented.诺奖颁奖仪式每年举行一次，奖品包括一枚金质奖章、一张纸质证书和一笔奖金。2021年，诺贝尔奖的奖金为一千万瑞典克朗。诺贝尔奖规定，一个奖项的获奖人数不得超过三人，但诺贝尔和平奖可以颁发给三个以上的组织。诺贝尔奖是非追授性奖项，但获奖者若在领奖前离世，该奖项依旧会如期颁发给该获奖者。
- Nobel Prize in Literature 诺贝尔文学奖
- Nobel Prize in Physics 诺贝尔物理学奖
- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 诺贝尔化学奖
- Nobel Prize in Economics 诺贝尔经济学奖
- Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine 诺贝尔生理学或医学奖
截至2021年，我国共有11位诺贝尔获奖者。中国籍3人，分别是杨振宁、屠呦呦、莫言。华裔8人，分别为李政道、丁肇中、李远哲、朱棣文、崔琦、高行健、钱永健、高锟。——关于为何诺贝尔没有数学奖，坊间众说纷纭，一说诺贝尔曾向一位闺中小姐求婚，但襄王有意，神女无心，小姐并未答应诺贝尔的求婚。后来，这位小姐嫁给了当时的一位数学家，情场失意的诺贝尔因此就没有设立数学奖。——爱因斯坦共提名过11个人，凡是被爱因斯坦提名的人都拿过诺贝尔奖，获奖率高达100%！——2002年的诺贝尔经济学奖两位得主之一是拥有美国和以色列双重国籍的丹尼尔·卡尼曼，他获奖的原因是在心理和实验经济学研究方面做了开创性工作。可是，卡尼曼认为自己是一名心理学家而非经济学家。
